Dental Braces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dental Braces - Essay Example These metal braces usually consist of small metal wires and brackets that are joined and bonded with each tooth. These are the braces which generally people picture as they hear about braces. They consist of metal wires which are attached to brackets that are fixed to each tooth in a row. These wires can be tightened or loosened by the orthodontists according to the need of the patient and they can provide control to the straightening process of the teeth. Their most distinctive feature is that they are visible metal wires that are sometimes considered embarrassing or a sign for ill dental health (Krishnan 2). The other type of braces is the modern type called invisalign. They are called invisalign because they are invisible and are aligned to the teeth as they are custom made. This option is suitable for most of the patients as it is a modern type of braces and it is worn and replaced every two weeks. There is no need of wires or metal brackets as the aligners are made of plastic. These aligners move the teeth into place and straighten them progressively. The treatment and the straightening process from these invisaligners take about 1 and a half years maximum (Carson 70). These invisaligners are the best alternative to traditional braces and are widely used nowadays. However, there are several limitations that hinder the widespread usage of these modern braces and complete elimination of the metal braces (Carson 70). Metal braces and invisalign braces both have advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the metal braces over the modern type of braces can still be figured out and valued. The most important advantage is that the traditional metal braces are less expensive. In an era where the healthcare facilities are reaching new heights, patients find it easier to buy the less expensive type of braces. These braces also provide control to the

Distance Education Essay Example for Free

Distance Education Essay Similarities and Differences Between Richard Henry Lee and Abraham Lincoln A reserved man, Abraham Lincoln rarely talked about his childhood. He was â€Å"also embarrassed by his crude family background. † (Gienapp, 1) He also knew little about his ancestry, save for what his father Thomas repeatedly narrated about his grandfather being killed by Indians â€Å"while laboring to open a farm. † (Gienapp, 1) He was born in a one-room log cabin, built by his own father. He grew up on a farm, which was at first rented, but eventually was paid for by his father from his painstaking labor as carpenter and cabinetmaker. Although he was barely literate, he performed several official duties and appeared several times in the local records of his community, having a scrupulously honest and moral reputation. On the other hand, Richard Henry Lee was the scion of one of the colony’s first families. The first Richard Lee came from Worcester, England where their family was into the manufacture and trade of cloth. Upon the deaths of his parents, their mother’s brother was awarded guardianship of him and his three brothers. Richard was sent to America to help expand the family business. Twenty-five years since his arrival in Jamestown, Richard Lee had amassed 10,000 acreas, three plantations in Jamestown and established an impressive commercial empire that spanned both sides of the Atlantic. The civil war in England and the Cromwellian interregnum had little affected the Lee businesses. By the restoration, Richard had decided to move his family to England, grooming the eldest, John, for eventually assuming control of the family business in England and America. Upon Richard’s death at forty-five, he had successfully ensured that his three sons would continue the family’s flourishing transatlantic commercial empire. John and Richard II returned to the colony and divided management of the business. The third son, Francis, stayed in London as their father wished, to be the family’s London commercial agent. This second generation of Lees shifted the family business from fur trading to tobacco, showing an adaptability to challenges within the economy and Virginia’s provincial government. When Richard II became the family’s patriarch, he learned the advantage of fostering cordial relations with the provincial government as the surest way of retaining royal patronage. This practice was continued by the third generation of Lees. Thus, despite the disarray in their transatlantic interests following the death of their London sibling, Thomas, the third patriarch tended to political matters in Virginia and shied away from their London affairs. Thomas entered the political arena; with a short-lived first attempt, the second was not only successful in the House of Burgess but advanced further to the Council of State. His marriage produced six children, one of whom was Richard Henry. Richard Henry Lee was ten when the family moved into the comfortable Stratford Hall. His boyhood was spent running â€Å"around the plantation grounds, making friends with the children of the slaves living on the plantation, unfettered by parental supervision†. (McGaughy, 17) In stark contrast, Abraham Lincoln’s life was that of a typical pioneer farm boy: doing chores, such as hauling water and chopping wood, and helping in the fields. The area was heavily wooded, and since he was remarkably strong for his age, the tall youngster was soon set to work clearing land with an axe. He later recalled that from then â€Å"till within his twentythird year, he as almost constantly handling that most useful instrument – less, of course, in plowing and harvesting seasons. † (Gienapp, 3) Thomas Lee devoted a â€Å"tremendous amount of time and energy making sure his sons were prepared to assume their legacy when the time came. (McGaughy, 18) He understood the value of providing his children with formal education. Three different tutors catered to the children’s needs in reading, writing, mathematics, Greek, Latin and religion. In addition the children were introduced to dance, music appreciation and performance lessons seriously. They were later sent to England to continue their studies. This, perhaps, more than anything, else fostered a close bond between him and his children. The sudden deaths of both parents when Richard Henry was in his teens was strongly felt. He isolated himself from the rest of the family and articulated his feelings in a poem that was later inscribed on Thomas’ gravestone. The last verse was concluded with â€Å"what limit can there be to our regret at the loss of so dear a friend† (McGaughy, 32). The other Thomas, Thomas Lincoln, on the other hand, was barely literate and did not put much value on education. Abraham and his sister Sarah attended local schools for short periods only and by the time he was seven, Abraham still could not write. Yet, even as a child, Abraham exhibited a burning desire for knowledge and self improvement. He was described to have no energy for anything except reading. He read and re-read the limited books that his stepmother, though illiterate herself, valued knowledge, brought to their house. His father did not approve of his constant reading. â€Å"Thos Lincoln never showed by his actions that he thought much of his son Abraham when a boy,† one Hanks family member noted, adding, â€Å"He treated him rather unkind than otherwise. † Dennis Hanks admitted that Abraham’s father sometimes â€Å"slash[ed] him for neglecting his work by reading. †(Gienapp,7) This would explain Abraham’s closeness to his stepmother as his friend, rather than his father, unlike the Lees. â€Å"He later said that she had been his best Friend in this world and that no Son could love a Mother more than he loved her. † (Gienapp, 5) He supported himself by manual labor until he reached twenty one and he had moved to New Salem, Illinois where he continued his self-education while working as storekeeper, militia captain and postmaster. He lost in his first bid for the state legislature but won a seat as a Whig 2 years later. He served four terms and gained state-wide popularity for his homespun wit and integrity. This time, Lincoln began his private study of the law, borrowing books from a local attorney, and earned his license to practice in 1836. He settled in Springfield, the new capital, after his marriage to Mary Todd of Kentucky and became one of Illinois’ ablest lawyers. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1847 for a single term, during which he gained attention for his opposition to the Mexican War and the institution of Slavery. He switched to the new Republican Party in the next election and ran for the U. S. Senate against Stephen A. Douglas, to whom he lost. The race attracted national attention because of the widely reported debates over the issue of slavery in the territories. Ironically, his winning opponent had unknowingly granted him the break not only to resume his political career, but set him on his path to the White House. This was the Kansas-Nebraska Act which repealed the original prohibition of slavery in the region of the Louisiana Purchase and replaced it with popular sovereignty to decide on the status of slavery. The ensuing â€Å" hell of a storm† (Gienapp, 49) correctly predicted by the proponent, Senator Stephen Douglas, brought together Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers in indignant protest. Pondering Douglas’ motivations and the significance of this legislation, Lincoln seemed more withdrawn than usual on the circuit. Back home in Springfield he began reading the congressional debates on slavery, taking notes at the State Library for future use. (Gienapp, 49) On February 27, 1869, he delivered his famous Cooper Union speech, where he lambasted the federal government on the slavery issue, to an influential audience. In July, he won the nomination for presidency on the third ballot at the Republican convention. The following November, Lincoln won over 3 other candidates with only 40% of the popular vote. This was unacceptable to Southern politicians; South Carolina, quickly followed by 10 other states conveniently used this pretext to secede from the Union. When he arrived in Washington for his inauguration as the country’s sixteenth president, the Confederate States of America had been formed. In 1747 Thomas Lee had been appointed president of Virginia’s Council of State. Two years later, he assumed the governorship. As a tobacco planter, he was concerned with having access to western lands, target for England’s and France’s rivalry for dominance in North America. With other planters, they directed their efforts toward trade and cultivation of new lands for tobacco production. Thomas established the Ohio Company of Virginia, which had been likened to the Virginia Company established in 1606, from which the Jamestown settlement sprung. His will gave one of his two full shares to his eldest son, Philip. The second full share he divided equally among the younger sons led by Richard Henry. The two oldest sons realized the significance of active association in the Ohio Company and in Virginia politics. In their father’s absence, they could only achieve any gains if they put family above personal interests. Richard Henry decided to fulfil his father’s aspirations. Richard Henry and his cousin Richard â€Å"Squire† won a seat each in the House of Burgesses. They were shortly followed by Thomas Ludwell and Francis, both Richard Henry’s brothers, and another cousin Henry. Within one election cycle, the Lee family once again emerged as a powerful voting bloc in the House of Burgesses, especially when combined with their many friends and allies, (McGaughy 42) Richard Henry became the spokesman of his family and the Northern Neck proprietors in the capital. He served on several important committees that soon put him in a position that challenged Speaker-Treasurer John Robinson’s role as leader in provincial politics since 1738. While the governor and the Speaker-treasurer disputed over provincial leadership, Richard Henry worked actively to continue the war against the French. Among his duties was monitoring the British and colonial forces by regular correspondence with the highest ranking officers in Virginia’s colonial militia. By the time the Board of Trade had authorized the immediate separation of the offices of speaker and treasurer, the governor had announced vacation of his post and returning to England. Richard Henry’s role in the effort to separate the offices of speaker-treasurer helped establish his leadership position in the House. His former tutor Alexander White wrote to congratulate him, though surprised, â€Å"at how quickly Lee had challenged the established leadership in the House so soon after winning his first election. † (McGaughy, 44). Abraham Lincoln entered the presidential office conscious of his lack of administrative experience. But as president and commander in chief, he learned from his mistakes. In his Inaugural address he tried to woo the Secessionists back to the Union, which responded with bombarding Fort Sumter. Lincoln reacted with a firm hand; he declared a blockade of Southern ports, authorized the suspension of Habeas Corpus in areas threatened by pro-secessionists. Lincoln’s conservatism made him accept the fact that only a vigorous war would restore the Union, which was his primary aim. This strengthened his will to win, despite enormous battle casualties and strong political opposition, from his own cabinet members and radical fellow Republicans. He was careful not to alienate his basic constituency, the citizenry of Northern and Western states, while advancing the progress of the war. He carefully worded his Emancipation Proclamation to avoid offending loyal but slave owning states in the Union. Like Lincoln, Richard Henry Lee had a similar affinity for books, which was revealed most when he became a family man and had his own home, Chantilly, away from Stratford Hall. He built an impressive library with almost 100 titles, covering historical topics and biographies, not to mention scientific, theological and philosophical studies, plus various literary works of Shakespeare, Milton, Jonathan Swift and Laurence Sterne. He had conservative views about slavery, himself. like many of his contemporaries, (Lee) expressed contradictory views toward slavery, expressing their hatred of the institution yet refusing to abolish it because he and other planters needed slave labor to run profitable tobacco plantations. (McGaughy, 63) Richard Henry’s defiance of convention is best exemplified by his reaction to the enactment of the Stamp Act. He launched his own protest separate from his peers; he led a procession to the county courthouse parading effigies of Mercer, the Crown-appointed stamp distributor for Virginia and George Grenville, Britain’s lord of the treasury. Ultimately, Richard Henry’s concerns for his and fellow planters interests overtook the interests of the Crown in Virginia and the colonies. A series of legislations made for the evolution of Richard Henry from loyal British subject with the interests of the Crown at heart (in the footsteps of his father and grandfather) to American revolutionary. Their distinct childhoods and family backgrounds in no way prevented the occurrence of similarities in their personalities, ambitions, careers, and family lives, not to mention their fathers with the same first names. The antislavery borne out of Abraham Lincoln’s parents’ Baptist faith had been internalized in him that he could not not fight for it. His gentle nature was overcome by his fierce resolve to win the war. But, as mentioned above, he also exercised prudence in words to avoid rocking the boat of his constituents who may have been loyal but were still slaveowners. As a revolutionary, Richard Henry Lee evolved. It could be described as almost like a natural evolution, if one traces a person’s loyalty and interests originate from the self, radiating to the family, to the immediate community and the larger community. When it came to a conflict of interests between his own as a planter, a family man, and Representative of his community as opposed to the interests of the Crown, it is easy to deduce whose side he would take. More so, when the interests of the Crown were to the detriment, loss and eventual harm to his family and community. The goals of both Abraham Lincoln and Richard Henry Lee reveal their deep patriotism and mature adherence to what their country (province, as in Lee’s case) had evolved into. Their political careers were run within a framework of what can be now termed â€Å"public service† in their hearts.

The Crisis of the American Teen Essay -- Teenager Youth

The Crisis of the American Teen Premature adulthood is imposed upon teenagers in today’s society. It affects them in two different but closely related ways. One is in which a teenagers needs to find a sense of self and needs protection on trying to do so. The other is the stress that is being forced upon them. Teenagers need to be given time , support and guidance to form from child to adult, but that must come from the parents. Many parents either feel powerless to give a child what they need in life because the child can get it else where: they may do whatever it is that they want behind a parent’s back. They could also be insecure about themselves and that they did not receive the guidance themselves when they needed in growing up. Teenagers need protection against the dangers that they may face so that they can be prepared for the future. Teenagers now are highly stressed. There are more things for teenagers to stress about then there was years ago. Since teenagers are given so much freedom which doesn’t give them much time to focus on their future. Freedom also makes it hard for a teenager to adapt to new situations because they are already conformed to do what they want rather then for what is best in that situation. In relation to the two different ways in which premature adulthood is forced upon today’s teenagers is that it can be hard for a teenager to form a sense of identity because they are faced with many challenges in life. Since they are given so...

Different Approaches to Romantic Poetry Essay

1- Introduction For passion or profession, for hobby or obligation, for delight or duty, for this reason or another, one takes his pen and devotes few minutes he steals from time to trace expressive words on paper. I am among many, in ruptures about literature and this study day comes as a golden opportunity to show how much my fancy is caught and how far my love is increased when the heart excitingly beats and the feeling increasingly grow, to ask the self to enjoy a travel by means of distinct words along the path of different ideas for the sake of a visit to some parts of poetical world. Two enquiries draw our attention: which approach to adopt to clear up an idea in mind about this or that line from a poem mostly sounding melodious nevertheless its grasping is a difficult experience that represents a real challenge for most of us?, the second is that criticism with all its schools and theories is a helpful tool to manage in a way or another interpretation and then appreciation of the piece of poetry; but does it with all its complexities dull the meaning, and obstruct any attempt to get it. If so, it gives a tedious attempt to elucidate clumsy verses and anything that is unclear is involuntarily unlovable and of course unrewarding. 2- Poetry and Criticism  It is almost admitted that the poem is an elevated thought expressed in a beautiful way to rouse the emotion and mind of the reader, listener or the poet himself. However it is not usually easy to define a poem if you link any perception of it to Criticism Traditionalists for example do not recognize the talent of any poet unless he can have the capacity to visualize any particularity as universal, any specific to more general and any momentary to eternal; besides he has to have the art to transmit the message of his poem intelligibly to others arousing by that their emotions and stirring up their minds. Joseph Conrad once said that his task through the power of the written word is â€Å"to make you hear, to make you feel, it is above all to make you see† (Christopher Gillie: 38) William Wordsworth from his part insists in  preface of Lyrical Ballads on poets to visualize life more than critics because â€Å"it is the honourable characteristic of Poetry that its materials are to be found in every subject which can interest the human mind. The evidence of his fact is to be sought, not in the writings of Critics, but in those of Poets themselves†. On the other hand, Mathews Arnold disagrees with Wordsworth in the Function of Criticism at the Present Time (1865) when he says â€Å"almost the last thing for which one would come to English literature is just that very thing which now Europe most desires—criticism† The approach in this school focuses mostly on traditional elements such as: diction, sound, imagery, rhetoric, rhythm, genre, stanza, and sentence structure all form organic unity for ,aesthetic purposes and an independent entity sharing relationship with real life and poems may seem transcendental going beyond any expectations. Furthermore this approach insists that poetry is an aesthetic representation of life according to social needs because it is not a private pleasure since it induces in us a response up to the circumstances of the world Modernists rather exclude poetry from being a representation of reality and that is out of social purpose and then detached from historical context because poems are only fiction and uncommon to what is exact and sensible. Henceforward, modernism did not develop traditional poetry but was instead characterized by a deviation from the norms, a rejection of the past, an anti realism using myth, a rejection of conventional plot and a support to individualism and intellectualism, and so writing poetry is cerebral than emotional and it is a work that is open ended and searches to pose questions rather than answering them. All of E.Pound: Hugh Selwyn Mauberly and T.S.Eliot: the waste Land, and W.Stevens: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Bird are good examples of these characteristics. Post modernists from their part gives great importance to the reader response and only for him can the final say of interpretation be referred, Walter Slatoff in his book â€Å"with respect to readers† thinks that no one can deny the effective existence of reader and reading even those who insist on the autonomy of the literary work. (R.Wellek/A.Warren:145). Some views insist on good reading as a quality that â€Å" has nothing necessarily to do with something one writes or says or anything else one does apart from reading† (G.Strickland:6) Post modernists also claim that poems are complex but they create a pattern out of that chaos, that they are trivial and  disheartening but clever pieces and original. Schools of Criticism They are cited as follows âÅ"“ Traditional: it gives information about the writer and his time in order to broaden understanding and meaning. âÅ"“ New Criticism: it highlights the lyric, it detaches the poem from biography or history and directly moves to analysis of diction, imagery, meaning of unfamiliar words âÅ"“ Rhetorical: it focuses the art of persuasion through different arguments, truth evidence. In order to understand the content with great appeal to the reader âÅ"“ Stylistic: great importance is given to the peculiarities of diction and imagery âÅ"“ Metaphorical: a deeper interest to metaphor as part of meaning âÅ"“ Structuralist: clarity is drawn from sociology and anthropology that represent important factors in a given society âÅ"“ Post structuralist: evading organic unity and interdependence âÅ"“ Myth theory: it derives from Northrop Frye placing the poem to categories and sub categories up to the hero’s myth, fall, and enemies âÅ"“ Freudian: a sexual imagery is concerned, struggle for the superego. Oedipus complex âÅ"“ Jungian: recurring poetic images, symbols and imagery as related to patterns from life âÅ"“ Historical: historical context and data are concerned âÅ"“ Biographical: the writer’s psychology and biographic data are concerned âÅ"“ Sociological: include society and social factors in a poem âÅ"“ Political: the different political movements the poet supports âÅ"“ Marxist: a political correctness .i.e. to assess the poem according to the support for workers against capitalist’s exploitation âÅ"“ Moralist: to assess the poem according to religious convictions, tolerance and social justice âÅ"“ Cognitive scientific: relate poems to brain functioning, but it’s an approach that is still in its infancy. 4- Practical Analysis to Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind and Keats’s Ode to a Nightingale in fact in spite of all the complexities of criticism it opens doors to suspect different levels of meaning and significance and if we arte drifted towards confusion out of the many schools of criticism we are as well lucky to have them but selection of which approach to adopt should be made precise and practical and out of my experience in teaching poetry and sometimes writing it. I infer that being eclectic is is the best approach that may serve in a  good way analysis of poems by incorporating several approaches in one article to better approach the poem for the sake of evidence, that can never be easy without truth evidence transmitted in a beautiful performance Bibliograghy 1- Matthew Arnold. The Function of Criticism at the Present Time, Essays in Criticism. London and Cambridge: Macmillan and Co., 1865. Pp. 1-41. 2- C.Gillie. Movements in English Literature 1900-1940, Great Britain: CUP, 1978 3- G.Strickland, Structuralism or criticism, New York: CUP 1985 4- R.Wellek/A.Warren, Theory of Literature, Great Britain, 1978. 5- William Wordsworth, Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems. London: Printed for J. and A. Arch, 1798. Web Library. WWW.poets.org En.wikipedia.org

Lead and manage people Essay

I used to work at a fine dinning restaurant, the restaurant manager there was very good. He has very strong knowledge about how to manage people. He never being aggressive or uses any inappropriate language. He never asks someone to do the job that he doesn’t know how to do. He shows people how to get the job done efficiently. No matter what kind of issues or problems that staff have, he always is willing to help. He gains respect from people not only about his position but also his knowledge, skill as well as his personality. Also he has a strong knowledge about all the wines and the food that we were serving. He made the perfect matching wine list for the menu that impresses everyone who worked or ate there. People enjoy working with him, as he give his knowledge to everyone, as a model to teach people a better way to do things and improve the way we usually do. His encouragements made our target easier to achieve. We worked like a family, people took care of each others. I used to work at a Thai restaurant, the mission statement was to bring the authentic Thai cuisine to life and let people enjoy. In order to achieve this mission statement, we need to cook as authentic Thai food as possible as well as let the guests to enjoy the cuisine that we bring overseas. I think the statement is effective for the company. Cuisine changes as it moves overseas. People travel overseas and know how the authentic local cuisine is. They cannot find it in Melbourne because cuisine shifts then the flavour changes. Imagine if there is only one restaurant can keep the real authentic taste that would be the selling point. That’s what this business wanted and they succussed. They do actually follow the statement. They hire the chefs from Thai to train and monitor other chefs, follow all the steps to make dishes in Thai way, import all the necessary ingredients only from Thai, keep in touch with the authentic Thai cuisine, and always ask well known Thai chefs to tast e the food. I will discuss this change in both formal and informal communication ways, such as via email, staff notice board, through meeting, and face to face to talk about this change. The email and the notice board are just the tools that I want staff to know there is a change to be happening in 6 weeks. Let them to discuss themselves first, get themselves well prepare for the change, and also to establish some issues to discuss in the incoming meeting, like new color against the religion, discrimination, etc. The meeting process is to formally hand out the change and receive the feedback from staffs. It may require a bit editing or more work on to suit everyone. Last for the individual problem, I will have to discuss the problem in person and try to get a best outcome. I want to delegate the job of making sauce A to Jahn, as he is the new apprentice of the job. As well as sauce A is the dairy big job for this section. In 2 weeks time, Jahn should be able to make the sauce A without any supervision and within a very short period of time. But meanwhile, I need to guide through him all the information that he needs to make sauce A. Demonstration is necessary. When he is making sauce A, I will have to supervisor the whole process, just to make sure he follows correct procedures ensure he is able to make it by himself. Sauce A is a very complex job for anyone, therefore 2 weeks training is required. After 2weeks time, people should be able to make it without supervision. We can delegate the task but not the responsibility, therefore I still need to check the correct seasoning for sauce A from Jahn’s work, also the actual time he spends on making it. If I am not at work, then other chefs will supervisor his work as well, just to make sure he keeps his work consistence. Coaching is more than just pure training and it involves more of personal relationship over time and in many ways it is like mentoring. It makes better environment for the organisation from management to the workers together to build a better workplace in order to achieve a better result. As a chef de cuisine, I would evaluate each individual’s skill and put them in the right place, such as put someone on web design or programming if he/she is good at doing computer. Then consider the current situation to establish a plan for coaching. Well explain to members about the plan, make sure they  understand and make changes for any better leads. I will also demonstrate the task to members. I need to show members that I can complete the task better not just I can’t do it therefore I have to hand out for you guys. When there is a specific skill require for the cut, I will show them how to do it, and I am willing to help to teach them and develop their individual skill level. Teach them what is the best way to do things right here. To help them to multi-tasking from my past experience.I think I will be using ‘democratic’ and ‘Laissez-Faire’ style to coach people, they are more guider and helper kind of coaching style instead of being boss to ask around. As a learner, people is willing to learn from others especially from the one who is easy to talk to, image if your teacher is very grumpy, would you ask him/her any questions? I will ask open questions rather than close questions. It is also a good way to get the feedback from people according to their answers. The recognition and promotion are my motivation at the moment. As I just started a new chef job at a different restaurant, everything starts from fresh, humbly gaining knowledge from co-workers. I need to fit in the new working environment is the priority. Within a month period, the recognition from headchef or other chef is my motivation, learning new knowledge everyday at the same time improve myself. I can see myself is improving a better understanding of the food that I make, developing the better skill that as a chef should have, etc. Those factors create satisfaction for myself in order to achieve better position to the job as well as lead co-workers feel is good to have me on board. According to Herzberg’s motivation-Hygiene theory, they are leading to satisfaction. My motivation has changed over the past few years. When I first came to this country, I just needed a job to feed myself, therefore my motivation at that time was just money, and I didn’t care about t he quality of work environment or the skill that I could improve. Then I moved to another restaurant, also I had a fair amount of money to start with, so at that time a better working environment, better pay, better standard was my motivation. It is more like Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, different stage has vary needs, as well as the motivations. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can also explain why younger people have different motivational goals than older people. At different age group,  people are tend to have very needs, those needs result different motivational goals. For example, at age 3 you may do what it takes to satisfy your parents in order to get a lollypop. But you wouldn’t do the same when you are 20. Because the lollypop wouldn’t be your motivational goal at all after you already had hundred of them.Assignment activity 7 Trust-Trust employees, headchef give new staff the opportunity to run the section him/herself. Fully delegate responsibilities to new staff without micromanaging the outcome. They feel being trusted, they will work well in a soften environment. If you always doubt the ability of employee, then they are not happy, how could they work for you. Support- Do not hide the information, give employees the information they need to get the job done. Management should make itself open for the talk regards to the employee manner or dairy issues. As well as welling to help employees to solve the problems that they are facing. Employees feel loved, then they can provide a better outcome to work for you. Facilitation- Provide a happy environment for employees to work with in order to maximize the outcome. No, I don’t think so. One of the previous restaurant that I worked, it doesn’t have a well communication system. When we say communication, it means two ways, the message from the sender to the receiver, then the feedback from the receiver back to the sender. At that place we have staff notice board and staff communication board. But they are only use to post from the top management only. No staff feedback is needed. It doesn’t work as it is only a one way communication tool, it is really hard for management to know if staff understand or award of the new ideas and so on. Within hospitality industry, two ways communication is important, well understand the message and the feedback is essential as they can improve the quality of work or service. Therefore, they should provide the feedback form for staff to fill up, management should really go down and understand what staffs really want. Email out the ideas then get the reply direct from staff may be a good way to start with. The manager at the last place that I used to work, I reckon he uses both paternalistic and democratic management styles. He understands each one of workers within the company and he talks to each one of them like family, therefore everyone calls him ‘brother’. As a ‘brother’, he takes care of each of us and releases the pressure from both workers’ family and work. He listens to people, and talks to people very gently, never use any offensive language. When there are some decisions need to be made, he always listens to all the workers’ need and try to minimize the issues would cause. Those styles were effective for him. He is happy to delegate tasks to colleagues, gaining more power by earning people’s respect. I personal believe he is a good manager as after he took over the place, the revenue was increase and less staff turnover, everyone works together like in a family.

Protectionism in International Trade

Protectionism in International Trade Introduction In the growing debate over globalisation and free trade, it is difficult to focus on real policies under discussion. There are varied issues that focus on environmental destruction, markets, and exploitation among others, but one must relate globalisation to free trade in order to understand global trade policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Protectionism in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalisation reflects the adoption of free trade policies for international markets by liberalisation of policies (Bhagwati, 2004). On this regard, countries liberalise their trade policies with other countries through elimination of policies that could deter trade or act as trade barriers. Some elements of trade barriers include â€Å"tariffs (high taxes on imported goods, which make them expensive) and subsidies from governments to domestic firms† (Spruiell, 2006). Both policies inhib it foreign firms from selling their products and services in local markets because of high prices (Friedman, 2000). The concept of trade policy is easy to grasp. That is, it reflects subsidies or tariffs, which governments adopt to protect foreign firms from selling in their countries. There are also other approaches to trade barriers, such as expensive trade license for foreigners, quotas, and a total ban on foreign goods among others. Protectionism refers to policy agendas, which aim to increase the number of tariffs and subsidies that governments use to prevent or minimise trades or exploitation that result from free trade in the international market. This essay focuses on protectionist measures, major arguments used by countries to justify protectionist measures, and challenges and opportunities protectionism presents to companies that wish to expand to foreign markets. Major arguments used by countries to justify protectionist measures Governments use several arguments to justi fy their protectionist policies. First, infant industries require government subsidies and strong protectionist laws to protect them from fierce competition from well-established firms in the global market (Bhagwati, 1988). Such budding firms may not be strong enough to endure challenges posed by competitors. Therefore, by protecting such domestic firms from external competition, the government allows them to thrive in the domestic market. Second, dumping also has facilitated the increment in protectionist laws. Dumping takes place when imported goods have significantly lower prices in foreign markets than the normal price in the country of origin.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Antidumping policies protect domestic market prices by ensuring that imports do not have ‘too low’ prices below the cost of production or have fair market prices. The US has u sed antidumping policies to protect domestic markets from cheap imports from China. Free trade could facilitate dumping, particularly in non-industrialised countries. Third, in some instances, governments have introduced protectionist laws because of national security issues. Such governments aim to reduce reliance on other countries to supply critical resources and services, which may not be available in periods of dispute. Although it is difficult to identify all industries that are vital for national security of a country, some governments aim to protect their IT and energy firms from foreign ownership. Fourth, some countries have relative cheap labour. Consequently, they produce goods at low costs, which result in lower prices in the international market. Such countries may create unfair competition in the market. However, countries with cheap labour like China have attracted investments than those with high costs of labour. Consumers want cheap products. Thus, if a country has expensive products because of labour cost, the domestic firms will lose market share to foreign firms. Fifth, some governments argue that protectionist laws enhance equality in income through protection of local jobs. These are the essence of high tariffs and subsidies for the domestic firms. From this argument, one can deduce that the US, which has an expensive steel industry, may not compete against the steel industry of Brazil, which is relative cheap. In such situations, the US steel industry may lay off workers in order to cut costs and remain competitive. Consequently, workers who depend on the industry will slip into poverty. From such competition, the steel industry in the US may collapse altogether after several years. Consequently, the US will rely on foreign suppliers of steel. If the US engages in diplomatic disputes or wars with Brazil or other countries with steel firms, it may not be able to get that vital resource for its domestic operation. Thus, the result could be devastating to the US economy. Another different reason for protectionism bears no economic advantages to any country. In this argument, countries note that their protectionist laws should reciprocate laws of their peers. That is, trade barriers should be high to reflect practices by other countries. China has applied this theory against the US in which it uses subsidies and tariffs as bargaining chip when negotiating international contracts. The bargaining chip theory does not support or oppose trade, but it considers protectionist law as a two-way approach. For instance, the US may lower steel tariffs for Brazil only if the latter agrees to lower its tariffs on other exports from the US.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Protectionism in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Countries that use the bargaining chip approach focus on enhancing trade opportunities, but strive to protect their domestic ma rkets as much as possible. Hence, they maximise exports and reduce harmful imports (Spruiell, 2006). Challenges and opportunities protectionism presents to companies that wish to expand to international markets Although the arguments for protectionism are compelling, trade protection could hurt economies of countries, which impose them too. Some countries are fond of retaliation. For instance, some reports had indicated that there were many discriminatory trade policies than liberalising ones (Miller, 2009). Miller notes â€Å"governments are applying protectionist measures at the rate of 60 per quarter, and more than 90% of goods traded in the world have been affected by some kind of protectionist measures† (Miller, 2009). Trade policies could result into few goods and high prices, which hurt economies and consumers. This may not be suitable for any firm that intends to expand in countries, which tend to retaliate against trade policies. Foreign firms may not be able to comp ete against inefficient protected domestic firms. Governments that impose tariffs in order to protect their emerging firms create unfair competition in free trade. However, consumers will face higher prices and poor quality of services and products. In other words, firms with quality products may not expand to countries with high tariffs and subsidies because of possible unfair competition or expensive trade licence. Protectionist policies lower efficiency. Some economists claim that free trade may lead to loss of jobs in the importing country. However, economists have argued that competition created by foreign firms could enhance efficiency of local industries, quality of goods, and lead to sales growth and employment. Arguments for protectionist laws are compelling, particularly in saving domestic jobs. A government may be right in protecting local jobs in a local steel industry, preventing the industry from bankruptcy and mismanagement by imposing relatively higher tariffs on imp orts (Griswold, 2001). On the other hand, a government may fail to account for individuals who work in other firms supported by steel products. Other foreign factories can buy steel at world prices and manufacture steel products lower costs. Consumers will buy such products from other foreign countries with lower prices.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that American firms, which manufacture steel products, will experience declines in sales and may lay off a significant number of employees. They may also go out of business or seek for additional capital from investors. This was the case when President Bush enacted high tariffs on steel in the year 2002. On this note, one must ask whether it is important to save some jobs at the expense of others or government should leave economic forces and efficiency to control markets. This point illustrates that protectionist policies have costs to the imposing country. In most cases, one may fail to notice such costs associated with protectionist measures. This happens because one can observe any changes in a given industry, but fail to notice the overall impacts because such impacts are widely distributed, affect many industries and customers. Countries argue in favour of protectionist measures to protect domestic firms and avoid relying on foreign industries. Thus, if a country leaves its industries unprotected from global forces, they may collapse and cause reliance on foreign products. However, this situation may not be bad because free trade does not operate in that manner for both developed and emerging economies. For developed economies, competition from foreign firms should allow domestic firms to re-examine and re-engineer their processes and enact the needed reforms so that they can become stronger and compete effectively with foreign firms. Moreover, it is also unlikely that domestic firms can lose all capacity to manufacture products for the local market. It is also imperative to understand whether industries in emerging economies require protection. Many emerging economies believe that they require protection from well-established multinational firms. However, this is a folly argument. Since some countries gained their independence from former colonial masters, they considered any imports as â€Å"other forms of colonialism and dependence on fo rmer masters† (Spruiell, 2006). Consequently, many countries adopted import substitution policies. Under the import substitution policy, governments controlled how their countries utilised available resources in attempts to manufacture all products they previously imported. This strategy did not lead to any economic growth. Instead, a number of emerging economies fell into deep debt crises while struggling to manufacture all products. On the contrary, East Asia has shown that developing countries can â€Å"export all products they can easily and cheaply manufacture and import products they cannot produce locally without high economic costs† (Spruiell, 2006). Globalisation has improved because many countries have noted that it is sound to maximise the production and export of products and services they can produce cheaply and easily. On the other hand, such countries also maximise importation of products they cannot manufacture. This results into a rapid economic growth. In this manner, countries rely on their comparative advantages and strategies to create value in the global market. According to Spruiell, â€Å"the principle of comparative advantage means that every nation, no matter how undeveloped or poor, has a comparative advantage in producing some goods† (Spruiell, 2006). However, many countries may not adopt open market policies because protectionism is a ‘bargaining chip’. Hence, the argument for protectionism under this theory still holds because nations may only reduce their trade barriers and tariffs if they can get some values from other countries. Otherwise, they claim that domestic firms will have to compete in the global market against other firms, which have protection and government subsidies. Proponents of protectionist measures and bargaining chip strategy question why a domestic industry should face competition from other industries, which get subsidies from their governments. Government subsidies allow ind ustries to produce and sell products at lower costs than costs of production. Thus, proponents of protectionism justify their position as attempts to eliminate unfair competition. However, when one focuses on comparative advantages, they must recognise that the concept requires countries to open their domestic markets and focus on exports to boost their economies. Protectionist laws deny consumers to buy cheap products. Moreover, such laws only protect a few selected business interests to the detriment of the entire economy. Foreign firms may find it difficult to establish their operations in countries, which protect their domestic industries from competition. Generally, countries experience economic growth when they are free to trade with other countries without many trade barriers. Countries with open borders are likely to facilitate foreign investments and trade as investors will find few trade barriers while consumers will buy products at lower prices. Thus, even subsidies may o nly favour open market countries because producers are likely to export their products to such countries. In addition, countries with open markets are likely to import products at low costs (Schiff and Schiff, 2010). Consequently, they will focus on developing their productive industries and enhancing their economic strength. Therefore, protectionism presents challenges to foreign firms that seek to expand in international markets in terms of several trade barriers, unfair competition with protected domestic firms, and expensive trade licences among other challenges. Such firms should seek for investment opportunities in open market countries with liberalised trade policies. This would lead to economic success through high volumes of trade because open markets facilitate trade. It is also important to understand the major beneficiaries of protectionism. Generally, when governments introduce protectionist policies, they aim to protect some industries but not others. On this note, gov ernments would consider industries, which could have significant influences on domestic politics (Hazlitt, 1988). For instance, in the US, governments have selected their influential steel, agribusiness, textile, and lately IT industries for protection against any foreign competition or acquisition. However, other unprotected industries have faced fierce competition from foreign firms, as well as higher prices of products from the protected domestic industries. One may focus on the protected industries and note that they are highly important for the government. However, industries have deep relations when viewed from economic principles. One must acknowledge that arguments for protectionist laws have some merits. For instance, governments save jobs, avoid financial ruins through subsidies, and could be critical in seeking for trade partnership in the global market. However, for every benefit of protectionist laws, governments must make subjective decisions on industry protection and identify industries that will incur costs of domestic protection (Lindsey, 2001). Governments should not select industries for protection based on their political influences, and they should apply economic principles and treat all industries in the same way. Protectionism comes with economic costs, which are not easy to ignore. Thus, fundamental issues should not be about potential costs. Instead, the focus should be on industries, which will bear such costs. While governments can provide responses to such questions, people also have economic freedom to choose their products. Recent trends The most common trade barriers exist between the US and China. These two countries show how protectionist laws work in a global market. However, apart from the US and China trade wars, other countries have trade barriers too. Miller noted that the World Trade Organisation (WTO) released a report, which indicated that many countries were yet to refrain from protectionism (Miller, 2009). The WTO me mber countries had â€Å"130 protectionist measures to implement† (Miller, 2009). Some of these protectionist measures included â€Å"state aid funds, higher tariffs, immigration restrictions and export subsidies† (Miller, 2009). For instance, in 2009, Russia focused on a comprehensive increment of all tariffs, Japan concentrated on reviewing its sanitation laws to restrict food imports while South Africa embarked on reviewing its spending patterns to favour firms owned by the blacks at the expense of white-owned firms. From the above figure, â€Å"China has been the main target for most governments’ protectionist laws† (Miller, 2009). China faces trade barriers from 55 countries, which have enacted measures to restrict Chinese exports (Miller, 2009). The US and Japan have 49 and 46 protectionist measures respectively. On the other hand, the growing economy of Brazil has attracted Chinese imports. Consequently, Brazilian government has introduced some â €Å"non-tariff trade barriers and protectionist measures, particularly in the automotive and light manufacturing sectors† (Deloitte, 2012) to protect domestic industries. Impacts of protectionist measures First domestic firms, which depend on government protection and subsidies, may not be able to compete well in the export global market. Import barriers are responsible for high prices due to high costs for intermediate needs. Consequently, export products become highly priced than the global market prices. This may force such domestic industries to lose market share to foreign firms. Moreover, there are also possibilities of retaliation from other countries. Second, protectionism affects the entire economy of a country as any rise in the cost of product leads to a drop in the gross domestic product (GDP). Third, protectionist measures also affect the global economy negatively as world exports and incomes drop. Finally, protectionist laws slow down economic growth for all nat ions. In other words, the global market requires complete liberalisation to improve actual incomes for emerging economies. Therefore, for any foreign firm seeking to expand its operation in the international market, it should choose countries without several trade barriers, protected industries, and government interference. Conclusion The concept of protectionism emanated to control trade issues that resulted from international trade. However, not all market issues require protectionist laws like some economists had believed. Today, some economists have argued and demonstrated that protectionist laws are ineffective and inappropriate ways of fixing market failures. One major challenge is that protectionist laws protect few individuals and leave majorities to bear the ultimate costs. Not even the poor masses who work in such industries should bear the costs. However, in most cases, protectionist measures place huge responsibilities on individuals who least deserve them. That is, only few individuals benefit from protectionist laws. Overall, protectionist laws are major obstacles to economic growth as this essay has shown. Thus, an open economic strategy can facilitate economic growth and eliminate trade barriers. Reference List Bhagwati, J 1988, Protectionism, MIT Press, Cambridge. Bhagwati, J 2004, In Defense of Globalization, Oxford University Press, New York. Deloitte 2012, Competitive Brazil: Challenges and strategies for the manufacturing industry, Intergraf Ind. Grfica Ltda, Brazil. Friedman, T 2000, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Griswold, D 2001, Walls of Steel, Carlton Press Corporation, New York, NY. Hazlitt, H 1988, Economics in One Lesson: The Shortest and Surest Way to Understand Basic Economics, Three Rivers Press, New York. Lindsey, B 2001, Against the Dead Hand: The Uncertain Struggle for Global Capitalism, Wiley, New York. Miller, J W 2009, Protectionist Measures Expected to Rise, Report Warns. Web. Schiff, P and Schiff, A 2010, How an Economy Grows and Why It Crashes, Wiley, New York. Spruiell, S 2006, Protectionism Tariffs, Subsidies, and Trade Policy. Web.

How to Make Managing Multiple Marketing Clients Easy - CoSchedule

How to Make Managing Multiple Marketing Clients Easy Managing multiple clients  is no easy task for any agency marketer. You might have two clients at once ask for last-minute requests. Or, you could have the opposite problem, where clients completely fail to communicate. An account manager might overpromise your capabilities, leaving you to  work some miracles (and a few all-nighters). No matter what your situation looks like, though, youre under pressure to deliver quality work.  If you’re not on your A-game at all times, a lot of things can go wrong. Fast. When they do, its easy to make excuses. Sometimes, it might be tempting to say, If we had more budget, wed have fewer problems. Or, If this client would just see things our way, we could actually start getting sh* done. Heres an insider secret, though: Excuses are for losers. So, what should busy agency teams struggling with client management do instead? Start by putting the right workflows and tools in place to help you (and your clients) work happily and successfully together. If you feel like you’re struggling to keep your head above water with all you need to do, this post is for you. Youll learn: How to establish positive routines and workflows to more done, faster. Better work in less time? Its not only possible, but realistically achievable. How to keep all your content and deadlines organized.  Theres an old saying that goes, Hell hath no fury like that of a client whose agency blew their deadline. So, maybe thats not exactly how that quote goes. Well show you how to hold yourself accountable to deadlines, is what were saying. How to get things done right the first time and keep clients happy. The fewer revisions work needs to go through, the faster you can get it all done (while burning less budget). Sound good?  Lets roll up our sleeves and un-suck your client management woes. How to Make Managing Multiple Marketing Clients EasyFirst Things First: Manage Multiple Clients Easily With Have you been looking for a way to ditch those endless email threads hit every deadline (for real) and maybe even keep some of that hair youve been pulling out? for Agencies is our newest Growth + Agency Pack plan- built exclusively for agencies. ^^^ And its gonna give you all of those benefits plus some. Manage All Your Clients In One Place Eliminate the need for spreadsheets, email threads, and multiple platforms! Get all your clients under one roof. Make it easy for you, your clients, and your team to collaborate, manage projects, and get err done. Simplify Your Team’s Workflows Collaboration Easily facilitate real-time collaboration with your clients, stay on track with client tasks, and execute on projects faster. Get Organized With An All-In-One Client Dashboard: Get a snapshot of all your client projects in one place. Stay on top of project timelines, see upcoming deadlines, follow up with specific teams. Reuse Workflows Without Rebuilding Everything From Scratch: Create the perfect template for your client workflows! Eliminate mistakes and move projects forward with task specific templates. Recycle your task template for future clients and iterate on them as you continue to improve the process! Get Social Media Approvals Without The Endless Back-And-Forth: Collaborate in real time with ’s social approval workflows. Keep the entire conversation in one place, stay on track with client promotion, and execute on campaigns faster. Customize To Fit Your Clients Needs is designed for flexibility. And as your clientele grows, so should your tool. With the Agency pack, youll get s Multiple Calendars feature; allowing you to create unique calendars analytic reports for every client. Improve Client Retention With Data Driven Results No more warm fuzzies! Prove the value of all your hard work with real data! Utilize ’s Social Engagement Report to measure your success and improve client retention. Ok, now: Lets teach you how to manage multiple clients with some step-by-step guidance, shall we? Next: Download Your Free Client Management Template Bundle Manage multiple clients more easily with these five free templates: Daily Task Planning Template to keep all your work organized day-to-day. Content Marketing Project Checklist to prioritize tasks for every client assignment. Content Calendar Template to plan and manage project deadlines. Marketing Project Management Template to document outlines and requirements for every client project. Content Writing Template to create and share content for client review prior to publishing.Getting Organized: Start With Yourself You can’t always control your clients. You can, however, control yourself. So, that’s where we’ll start. Plan Out Your Morning Routine A good morning routine can set your pace and mindset for the whole rest of the day. So, spend your first few minutes at the office productively. Make a short checklist of things to get done. Here are some ideas: Get your coffee (of course). Catch up on emails you may have gotten overnight. Write out your task checklist for the day. Establishing an easily repeatable routine helps build positive habits that drive more productivity. For a deeper dive into the psychology of how habits work (and how to harness them for the power of good), we highly recommend reading Charles Duhigg's The Power of Habit. If you need a TL;DR version, this short video with the author (an esteemed New York Times writer) is fantastic: Build Yourself a Clear File Structure Store all your client documents in clearly labeled folders. Create one for each client. Then, add in subfolders for each campaign, project, or type of work you do for them. A hypothetical folder structure might look like this: This way, you'll waste less time hunting down files and client projects. Establish a Consistent File Naming Convention Trying to decipher someone else's file names can be difficult. Worse than that, if  all the moving parts of your campaign use multiple file-naming structures, people can quickly get confused. Is the right file "cool-content-project-sally.V2.doc" or "v.2-project-design-sally"? Avoid miscommunication by using an agreed-upon file naming convention. If your team needs help in this area, follow this detailed guide from Stanford. This doesn't need to be overly complicated, as long as everyone on your team (and your clients) can quickly identify the correct documents they need without having to open them up first. Stay on Top of Your Email For a lot of folks, â€Å"inbox zero† is a mythical state of being that seems unattainable. While messaging tools like Slack and HipChat have helped alleviate some of that pain, it’s important to keep your email organized whether or not you’re using those services. To keep emails from clients clearly separated, consider color-coding messages that come from certain email address. That way, you can quickly glance at your inbox, and know what came from whom. If you use Gmail, you might also consider using multiple inboxes to keep client communication organized. This guide from PC World will show you how. #Email tip: Use multiple inboxes in @gmail to manage communication from multiple clients:Pick Your Tools Wisely Marketers have never had more selection for tools than they do now. With so many options out there, however, it can be easy to feel paralyzed. The need to use tools that are multi-client friendly just adds more complexity. With any set of tools you use, keep these things in mind: Do any of our current tools duplicate functionality? If you can get something done with one tool instead of two, consider cutting the one you don’t absolutely need. Are any of our current tools more of a hindrance than an asset? If a tool is frustrating to use, don’t stick with it just because it’s what you’ve always had available. Shop around and get something that works for you, or make the case to your boss that it’s time for a change. Are the tools you’ve chosen likely to be ones your clients will want to use, too? Sometimes, there are advantages to choosing tools that are considered industry-standard options versus competitors. Use the tools that work best (and are within your budget), but keep flexibility in mind. Next, let’s break down the types of tools you’re likely to need. Project Management Tools This is a big one. Effective project management is essential for client success. It’s also essential for not wanting to tear your own hair out. Having the right tools here can make or break this process. Although there are a lot of tools available, we're biased toward . What's your favorite productivity tool for managing multiple marketing clients?Communication Tools You'll likely need two different types of communication tools: those for communicating internally, and for communicating with your clients.  For internal messaging, we recommend chat apps like Slack or HipChat (which we use here at ). The advantage to these kinds of messaging tools is they cut down on email. While we recommend using email when necessary, chat apps are great for quick questions and informal communication. For client communication, you might choose to use a chat app. However, it's much more likely you'll need to use email or some sort of shared project management solution. Fortunately, also makes it easy to talk to team members and clients within your content calendar: Execution Tools The tools you use to execute projects may vary depending on what you do. Here are some common options most will need: Word processors. Cloud-based options like Office 365 or Google Docs work well for collaboration. Design tools. Photoshop and Illustrator are considered industry standards. Social media management platforms. There are tons of tools that can help you manage your social media networks. We’re biased toward , but if you’re doing social marketing, use something. Content management platforms. These include WordPress, Joomla, Expression Engine, and other popular options. SEO monitoring tools. These include Moz, Raven Tools, Positionly, and tons more. Reporting Tools Clients will expect you to prove the value of your work. Here are some tools you might consider: Google Analytics. This one is a no-brainer. It's free, powerful, and should be on every site and blog you manage. Cyfe. This is a useful all-in-one data dashboard app. Klipfolio is another popular alternative to consider. And plenty of others. For more options, check out this list from HubSpot. Recommended Reading: How to Use Social Media Analytics to Create the Best Content Should You Be Flexible With Which Tools You Use? Different clients may have different processes or tools they prefer to use. Being mindful of this can definitely help your working relationship. However, unless you have limitless patience and money to spend, there may be times where you need to tell your client up front which tools you’ll be using. Otherwise, you can easily end up with five project management tools, four social media platforms, six content management systems, and so on down the line. This can make it difficult for your staff to learn how they all work, and it adds unnecessary cost and complexity. Clients are paying you for your expertise. If you think a tool works better than what a client is currently using, make a case for why they should switch. Above all, try to keep it simple. Should clients dictate which #content #marketing tools you use?Establish Consistent Workflows People are creatures of habit. If you fall into an unproductive rut, it can be difficult to dig your way out. Establishing processes that encourage productivity from the get-go can help you get more done, more consistently, with less stress (and late nights at the office). And if you’re juggling the needs of multiple clients, this is essential for being able to pace yourself over the long term without burning out. In the aforementioned  The Power of Habit, Duhigg says, When a habit emerges, the brain stops fully participating in decision making. It stops working so hard, or diverts focus to other tasks. So unless you deliberately fight a habit- unless you find new routines- the pattern will unfold automatically. So, build your workflows in ways that encourage habits that are productive. That way, efficiency becomes automatic. Here’s how to plan out a simple workflow for a given task: Determine How Flexible Workflows Can Be Having a consistent process for receiving and delivering work to and from clients makes life a lot easier. At an agency, this work is typically handled by a project or account manager (and so it’s likely you’ll never need to worry about it). If you’re working on your own, however, you’ll need to determine how you’ll handle this. While different clients may have different preferences, you may want to be careful not to let them dictate how you work too much. If you get push back, explain why you do things the way you do. When you have multiple clients to manage, the more streamlined your processes can be, the better. When you have multiple clients to manage, the more streamlined your processes can be, the better.How Will You Work With Clients With Varying Budgets? Typically, the more a client can spend, the more you can do. If you’re able to staff a full team of writers, coders, designers, and project managers, then the scope of work you can complete isn’t limited by much. If, however, you’re working solo (or if the client can’t afford to spend much), you may need to learn to stretch your available resources. Recommended Reading: How to Do the Best Content Marketing on a Limited Budget Consider building out service packages new clients can choose from. You can allow for some flexibility, but laying out what you can do at which price points can help set accurate expectations up front. Your internal plan should include: Which services each package includes. Which tools you can use at each level. Some room for clients to grow into a higher-priced plan as they grow with you. Getting to Know Each Client Every client is going to be different. Their needs, personalities, and working styles are all likely to be unique. Plus, they’re also likely to have different customer bases, which will have different needs and expectations from the work you’ll produce. Develop Clear Personas for Each Client’s Industry If you don’t know a client’s industry inside and out, user personas can be immensely useful. They’re essentially character sketches of your client’s average customer or audience member. Recommended Reading: Spark Your Persona to Life With These Nine Tools Establish Style Standards for Each Client Switching between work for different clients can be a mental challenge. If you’re writing content about, say, power tools one minute, and then a clothing brand later that same day, it can be tricky to switch from one mindset to the other. In addition to user personas, documented style standards can help. You don’t necessarily need to refer to them consistently when doing client work, but they can helpful to lean on. MailChimp's content style guide is an excellent example to consider following: Set Up Introductory Meetings With New Clients When onboarding new clients, bring everyone who will be working on the account into a meeting with your stakeholders. This gives everyone a chance to talk through ideas and learn what each side expects from one another. It can also give your team members insight into how your client prefers to work and what their needs are. Managing Your Work for Multiple Clients Alright, so now you have all your preparation in place. Now, how do you manage your actual day-to-day work for multiple clients? How do you manage your actual day-to-day work for multiple clients?Be Realistic When Estimating How Long Your Work Will Take Delivering your work on time and at budget is important for building client trust. Estimating how long creative work will take to complete is tough. Regardless, you have to figure it out. If this is something you struggle with, get a timer, create a productivity spreadsheet, and track how long tasks and projects take to complete. Simply create sections for days, with rows and columns for time and tasks: To save you some time, we’ve included an Excel version of this template within this post. You can use this in two ways: To plan how long you’ll spend on tasks each day ahead of time. To keep track of what you accomplish each day retroactively. This is kind of like keeping a personal record of your timesheets so you can calculate an average of how long different types of work typically take. If you’re using this sheet to plan ahead, start by blocking out time for each task you’ll complete. Prioritize them based on when they’re due (we’ll get into deadlines in a bit). Do your most pressing work first, then move on. Setting priorities this way can help you know what to work on when multiple projects are competing for your time. Multiple projects competing for your time? Set priorities and stick to them.Over time, you’ll be better able to provide clients and project managers with accurate time estimates. That can make it much easier to negotiate project timelines that allow you to produce great work while balancing multiple clients (and without losing your mind). Establish Clear Project Deadlines Whoever’s responsibility this is, make sure deadlines are always clear between your organization and your client. For your own team, make sure internal deadlines for smaller pieces of bigger projects are laid out too (if necessary). And make sure those deadlines are on your content calendar! Which leads us to our next point. Recommended Reading: How to Meet Deadlines When You're Sick and Tired of Missing Them Set Up Your Clients With Content and Social Media Calendars Doing content marketing without content calendars is like driving a car without a steering wheel. Like a plane without wings. Like a boat without a rudder. Insert your own favorite vehicle-based analogy here. Managing multiple calendars for clients isn’t necessarily easy. You might also need a calendar for promoting your own business to prospective clients, too. So, do you put everything on one? Or, do you set up multiple calendars? We’d make the case for multiple calendars here. Give your client a shared calendar you can both use and update. That way, you’ll remove all ambiguity around deadlines and when things are due. This helps keep both sides accountable and avoids frustration over unmet expectations. Managing multiple #content #marketing clients? Use multiple #calendars:Setting up your editorial calendars in Google Sheets is an easy way to do this for free (and you can use the free template we’ve included in this post). If you’re using , the multiple calendar functionality available in the Growth + Agency Pack plan makes this easy. All your clients can have their own calendar. Plus, with built-in project management and team communication features, you can keep all your correspondence straight (no more â€Å"sorry I missed your email† nonsense). Plus, automation features save tons of time (which is extremely important for maximizing efficiency with multiple clients). For a real-world example of how works, The Barbell CEO was generous enough to create this demo video: Make Client Management Easy With for Agencies! Let's say you choose to set up a calendar for each client. Awesome! With for Agencies, we've made doing just that super easy. Here's a quick rundown of what our multi-calendar agency plans can help you do: Manage every client in one place. No more messy spreadsheets. No more insane email threads. No juggling multiple platforms. Use to organize everything. Manage workflows that actually... flow. Delegate, approve, communicate, and take over the world. Prove your work generates results. Use ’s most advanced analytics to measure your success and improve client retention†¦.(without all the tedious data collection). Which means you can stop jumping from screen to screen, manage all your clients on one platform, and get your agency super organized in the process. Determine How to Provide Deliverables Content docs. Proposals. Reports. Whatever kinds of deliverables you provide clients, templates are key to saving time. Use one set of templates for every client so you can spend less time preparing deliverables and more time getting your work done. We’ve even included a few in this post to help you out (they’re in the downloadable bundle you should see as a circular pop-up to the left). Set up a clear process too so nothing gets delivered late. Whether you’ll deliver work by email, Dropbox, or some other method, make it consistent and let clients know exactly when and how they can expect to get what they’ve paid you for. Recommended Reading: How to Quickly Build Social Media Proposals That Win Clients (Free Template) What Are Your Top Client Management Tips? If you’ve found success juggling multiple clients (either in an agency or as a consultant), are there any tips you’d add? Leave a comment below and help get the conversation started!

11 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You

11 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You Most people have decent jobs. They get up in the morning, grind out their 9-5, head home, and then do it all over again the next day. There’s nothing wrong with simply having a job. You need a job for food, clothes, shelter, etc. But if you’re someone that is looking for something more , and you’re stuck in a 9-5 rut, then you’re probably not happy with just having a job.You’ve probably noticed videos all over your social media showcasing successful people talking about their passion and how that connects to their success.For instance, successful people like Warren Buffet believe that the key to success is finding your passion. And while that may sound cliche and cheesy, we should remember that these people get up every morning, excited for the day. They look at every day as a new opportunity to affect thousands of people through their work. Clearly, these people are onto something.Here is what they understand that the average person doesn’t. Â  Source: [medium.com]

Behavioural Finance and Real Option Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Behavioural Finance and Real Option - Assignment Example For instance, investing in a specific project, downsizing, and expansion or disposing of other projects. Others may include licensing, R&D and M&A. Real options differ from financial options in that financial options cover short maturities that usually expire in many months. On the other hand, real options contain longer maturity that expires in many years with some specific options having expiring dates that are not finite. The assets contained in financial options are the stock prices compared to business variables that are in real options. Such variables include market demand, cash flow and commodity prices. Hence, in the application of real options to analyze physical assets, there should be carefulness in choosing an underlying variable. The reason behind this is that volatility measures employed in the model relate to an underlying variable. In financial option, as a result of inside trade regulations, these holders’ option cannot influence stock price to their benefit. However, real options’ decisions increase the real options of the project value as there are strategic options that can be made by management . Real options have more value compared to financial options. Financial options for many years have been traded but real options just emerged recently more so in the market. The two options can be arrived at using same approaches inclusive of finite differences, differential equations, simulations and binomial lattices. The` reason is that binomial lattices can be easily explained and taken in by managers of a firm as the method is easily understood. Lastly, financial options base their facts on securities traded in markets and asset prices enabling them to be objective. At Real options, in contrast, are based on assets that are not traded in the market and seldom, there are proxies that are financially traded. Therefore, management assumptions are vital in  real options valuing and not important in financial option valuing. Given a specific project, the management is in a position to strategize which will help them in future.  

Authentic Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Authentic Leadership - Essay Example The need for leadership construct evolves the criteria of fulfilling our needs by economic institutions and in order to meet institutional needs, individual is required to endure at least twelve years of formal education. However despite attaining a longer tenure in education, students still lack in determining their goal of life. This might be due to the globalising tendencies that we witness as market economies and are placed in the category of consumer market in which every individual born in the society is a consumer, and every consumer is either agent to the institute or interpretor. An illustration is that of given by Barker (2002) points out that this is one of the reasons why the role of interpreter of the Church has been transformed into roles other than the one use to guide people (2002, p. 68). Such consumer market has affected management and leadership development in economic ideology to the extent where it has been constructed in order to form a social hierarchy which send commands and controls knowledge management to authenticate leadership theories. However, theories alone are not enough to identify the core of the Australian leadership culture in this materialistic epoch, there are some attributes of the workplace that can be placed under the heading of worship. These attributes reveal to us that corporate environment, law firms or even union hierarchies define idealistic leadership in the light of religious attitudes that entail male orientation, physical and emotional strength, and self-reliant behavior (Sinclair, 2005, p. 44-45). One reason for such requirement is the physical contribution and influence of male over female is more task-oriented and dedicated. Corporate practices support these values so as to religious male leaders may work longer hours with minimal leave while representing a sense of self-sacrifice in terms of devoting maximum time for the job. Contemporary administration of Catholic schools

Root Cause of the Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Root Cause of the Problem - Essay Example However, serve category retailers raises a range of problems for Clearwater. Firstly, Clearwater is a well-reputed brand and supplying the category retailers its products without additional marketing leaves no difference between an ordinary brand and Clearwater. Its identity gets merged into the identity of category retailers unless additional money and effort is vested in advertising and marketing of its products. Secondly, in order to make money by supplying its products to the category retailers, not only does Clearwater need to customize the quality and features of its products to the needs of the category retailers, but it also needs to change and modify its supply system in a number of ways in order to accommodate the needs of efficiency and quantity along with quality of the category retailers. Thirdly, Clearwater is not used to such a supply system and it needs to make significant changes in its business practices in order to be successful with and get used to the changes. La ck of experience in this regard thus surfaces as another challenge. The growing popularity of the category retailers and the simultaneous decreasing profitability of Clearwater’s business is the problem. Category retailers are just as important, if not more, as the target audience or consumers for a manufacturer. They can both make and break a business. In order to solve the problem, Clearwater needs to make a cost vs benefit analysis of the two approaches. The first approach is to continue selling its products through traditional department stores. In this case, Clearwater should estimate how much loss has been incurred in terms of lost profitability in the recent years and estimate further losses into the future on its basis. The second approach is to estimate the cost of modifying business practices, customizing to address the needs of the category retailers, and the cost of continued marketing and weigh it against the estimated  profitability achieved by selling its products through the category retailers. Clearwater should go with whichever approach proves more economical and profitable.

Pot use may mellow out men's sexual function Article

Pot use may mellow out men's sexual function - Article Example On this count alone the use of pot must be dismissed forthwith. Any induced increase in sex, is bound to have unfavorable consequences. This is pure commonsense. The view that male smokers could be courting sexual dysfunction is gaining ground and getting acceptance. Let me illustrate this issue with an example for better understanding. I like coffee. Drink one cup, fine; drink two cups, somewhat fine! Drink three cups, somewhat difficult to digest; and the fourth cup†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I vomit! This is true of all additions. If any addiction takes over the human control system, it will definitely overtake him and the concerned human being will lose control and will be trapped into that addiction. â€Å"But recent research – including the finding that the penis contains receptors for marijuana's active ingredient – suggests that young men may want to think about long-term effects before rolling a joint.† The younger generation needs to take care and should not fall in to the trap of this drug.

Water Weapons Officer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Water Weapons Officer - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that the Fundamentals of Canadian Defence Ethics presented the types of ethical dilemma in three general categories: the uncertainty dilemma which is of general nature but where no clear indication of right and wrong could be simply inferred; competing obligations dilemma, as the term indicates, the number of courses of action and decision complicate the selection since most are consistent with differing ethical values and obligations; and harm dilemma is a difficult ethical situation where a course of action or decision would result to injury or harm.This essay declares that  using the original scenario that needs to determine one’s decision in the capacity of an AWWO, the individual factors that could influence one’s decision lies into the following: â€Å"ego strength, field dependence and locus of control, are suggested to influence the likelihood of a person to act on the cognitions regarding what is ethical or unethical†.à ‚  Individuals who are high on ego strength are said to resist impulses and follow their intuitions regarding what is right or wrong they are more likely to act on what they think is right or wrong – than those who are low on this measure. Individuals deemed to be field dependent are those who more typically refer to the guidance of others in determining what is right or wrong.  The opposite of this, field independent, includes individuals who function with more autonomy than their counterparts.... To response to the question on moral grounds, one can use the readings from Lesson 11 stipulating that although â€Å"loyalty is a functional military necessity, which also implies the need for obedience... (where) most orders do not require blind obedience or instantaneous obedience... (and where) loyalty should be broadly based on personal integrity and trust† (PSE 402: Lesson 11, 2010, p. 4). Further, as emphasized in the same discourse, â€Å"although immediate obligation is to the chain of command, the highest obligation is to humanity at large† (PSE 402: Lesson 11, 2010, p. 6). In addition, another relevant point presented under Lesson 11 is Huntington’s discussion of justifying obedience versus disobedience, to wit: â€Å"Huntington is only referring to lawful orders. He does not imply that a subordinate is obligated to obey a clearly unlawful order† (PSE 402: Lesson 11, 201, p. 8). With the foregoing supporting statements, as AWWO, one should clear ly disobey the Captain’s order (presuming scenario 2 that the Captain deliberately intends to report inaccurate results) due to unlawful order, which is contrary to moral grounds and disregards professionalism in terms of integrity and the obligation to uphold the highest standards of the military profession for the sake of humanity. When one decides to obey the order, which in the first place was unlawful, it would be a precursor for future orders that could be given and expected to be followed despite of being based on lies and immoral grounds. One should remain steadfast in adhereing to the values of truth, integrity, and honor above loyalty to unworthy and compromising cause. 2. Using the Statement of Defence Ethics in the Fundamentals of Canadian Defence Ethics (2002), identify ethical

Marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing strategy - Essay Example TOMS shoes has been successful in coming up with trendy shoes that not only make their customers look good but also feel good. Their customers feel that they are making a difference by just purchasing TOMS shoes. The company uses the WIIFM philosophy which means ‘What’s in it for me’. They do this by offering high-quality shoes and also make their clients feel they are supporting a good cause (Russo 84). As you walk in the streets, you are likely to see a number of young people wearing TOMS shoes. This is because the company designs and markets trendy shoes that appeal most to the younger generation. To keep up with the current market trends, TOMS shoes has been forced to expand its product line and now offers a variety of shoes to their customers. One factor that distinguishes TOMS shoes is the fact that they have kept their promise of delivering free shoes for every shoe purchase made. Many businesses start with a good cause, but greed for money ends up ruining the company. The company also has goals and ensures that it meets its set goals. It is interesting to note that TOMS shoes are a profitable business and not a charity

Water Weapons Officer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Water Weapons Officer - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that the Fundamentals of Canadian Defence Ethics presented the types of ethical dilemma in three general categories: the uncertainty dilemma which is of general nature but where no clear indication of right and wrong could be simply inferred; competing obligations dilemma, as the term indicates, the number of courses of action and decision complicate the selection since most are consistent with differing ethical values and obligations; and harm dilemma is a difficult ethical situation where a course of action or decision would result to injury or harm.This essay declares that  using the original scenario that needs to determine one’s decision in the capacity of an AWWO, the individual factors that could influence one’s decision lies into the following: â€Å"ego strength, field dependence and locus of control, are suggested to influence the likelihood of a person to act on the cognitions regarding what is ethical or unethical†.à ‚  Individuals who are high on ego strength are said to resist impulses and follow their intuitions regarding what is right or wrong they are more likely to act on what they think is right or wrong – than those who are low on this measure. Individuals deemed to be field dependent are those who more typically refer to the guidance of others in determining what is right or wrong.  The opposite of this, field independent, includes individuals who function with more autonomy than their counterparts.... To response to the question on moral grounds, one can use the readings from Lesson 11 stipulating that although â€Å"loyalty is a functional military necessity, which also implies the need for obedience... (where) most orders do not require blind obedience or instantaneous obedience... (and where) loyalty should be broadly based on personal integrity and trust† (PSE 402: Lesson 11, 2010, p. 4). Further, as emphasized in the same discourse, â€Å"although immediate obligation is to the chain of command, the highest obligation is to humanity at large† (PSE 402: Lesson 11, 2010, p. 6). In addition, another relevant point presented under Lesson 11 is Huntington’s discussion of justifying obedience versus disobedience, to wit: â€Å"Huntington is only referring to lawful orders. He does not imply that a subordinate is obligated to obey a clearly unlawful order† (PSE 402: Lesson 11, 201, p. 8). With the foregoing supporting statements, as AWWO, one should clear ly disobey the Captain’s order (presuming scenario 2 that the Captain deliberately intends to report inaccurate results) due to unlawful order, which is contrary to moral grounds and disregards professionalism in terms of integrity and the obligation to uphold the highest standards of the military profession for the sake of humanity. When one decides to obey the order, which in the first place was unlawful, it would be a precursor for future orders that could be given and expected to be followed despite of being based on lies and immoral grounds. One should remain steadfast in adhereing to the values of truth, integrity, and honor above loyalty to unworthy and compromising cause. 2. Using the Statement of Defence Ethics in the Fundamentals of Canadian Defence Ethics (2002), identify ethical

How the theory of Strategic Human Resource Management can assist Essay

How the theory of Strategic Human Resource Management can assist organisations in achieving and sustaining competitive advantage - Essay Example The paper tells that the increasing complexities and difficulties of management gave rise to the concept of managing at the strategic level. Managing at the strategic level is concerned with the long-term positioning of the organization. With the changes in the work environment, the private sector started recognizing that apart from financial and technological capital, human capital can also provide the competitive advantage. This led to innovation in HR practices or strategic human resources management. Delery and Doty defined strategic HRM practices as those that are â€Å"theoretically or empirically related to overall organizational performance†. Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) is about linking people with the organization – integrating HRM strategies into corporate strategies. In other words, SHRM aims to align or integrate decisions about people with the results that the organization aims to achieve. This is done because it is believed that integrating business strategy with HRM can lead to effective management of human resources and thereby enhanced organizational performance. The primary role of HR in the past has been compliance with laws, rules, and regulation. If the HR departments have a future-orientation and if the HR strategies operate as an integral part of the overall business plan, firms can achieve competitive advantage, according to Budhwar and Aryee. SHRM strategies can be used for knowledge creation, storage, and dissemination in organizations. HR practices influence an organization’s social climate which in turn leads to knowledge exchange and better organizational performance. Many researchers and scholars have contributed to strategic HRM with their own models and processes. For instance, Storey developed a model that demonstrates a shift from traditional personnel management to HRM. This model comprises of four key aspects – a constellation of beliefs and assumptions, strategic thrust informing d ecisions about people management, the involvement of line managers and shaping of employment relationship through commitment rather than forceful compliance. According to Storey, since the model has the linkage between employment policies and corporate plan, it can lead to competitive advantage. This model also identifies that strategic approach to HRM can be developed by bringing about changes in various elements of HRM functions such as recruitment and selection, training and development, and the conditions of employment. He suggested changes such as nurturing the workforce rather than monitoring them and management action should be based on the business need rather than following set procedures. Devolution to line managers has been proposed by many scholars as a core aspect of SHRM. SHRM has led to redefining the roles of the top management. Certain functions and issues are too complex for the top management to handle and devolvement of HRM to the line managers can lead to the fa ster response.

Preventable Medication Errors Essay Example for Free

Preventable Medication Errors Essay In this essay I am going to discuss what the most common medication errors are, as well as discussing how these errors can be prevented. What are Common Medication Errors? â€Å"Drug errors are defined as unintentional acts, committed by healthcare providers involving medications (Medscape, 2007). Medication errors happen due to ignorance and lack of consciously being observant as to what is going on around them. Granted humans are only humans, and being is indefinitely going to result in human error. However, most of the common medication errors are a result of administering the wrong dosage of a medication, mixing medications with alcohol or simply confusing two medications that have similar names, such as Adderall vs. Inderal. â€Å" According to the national Medication Error Reporting Program, confusion caused by similar drug names accounts for up to 25 percent of all reported errors (Caring, 2008). Insulin is a common medication that is incorrectly administered by patients. Patients sometimes â€Å"double up† on the dosage to make up for a missed dose, or think they are in need of the extra medication. Doubling the dosage of any medication will result in very negative consequences or sometimes more often than not death. Ignorance and medication make for a deadly cocktail, knowing this truth, it is important to be aware of the dangers of mixing alcohol with prescribed medications. Synergism is the mixing of prescription medication with alcohol in order to receive a greater effect of the medication. Knowingly or even unknowingly consuming alcohol with prescription medication can result in permanent physical problems and/or even death. Administering the incorrect dosage of medication, as well as mixing medication with alcohol, or making a simple mistake in the identity of a similar medication are just three of numerous errors happening every day in hospitals and outpatient facilities in the United States. It is highly important to leave no room for error as a medical assistant by consciously being aware of these errors and making it a point to avoid them by checking the medications three times, checking the dosage being administered and being aware of any current prescriptions or alcohol history of the patient. What Can You Do to Prevent Medication Errors in the Practice? If the healthcare workers in the field follow the â€Å"Golden Rule† of the 7 patient rights which are: right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right technique, and right documentation, they will lower the risk of making medication errors. The patients 7 rights were implemented for this very reason, to prevent error in the field and make for a safer healthcare setting. Cognitive psychologists report that the human brain is creative and is wired to make errors (Medscape, 2007) As a medical assistant I can constantly be aware of the risks in not checking medications at least 3 times before administering the medication to a patient that I have personally confirmed to be the recipient of the medication. By making myself aware of a patient’s health history and any possible alcohol use will help ensure the patient’s safety and use of a medication. I believe that it is important in this field to leave nothing to ignorance, but by checking and re-checking the medication prescribed and the routes it is administered will greatly reduce any possible errors in a healthcare practice facility. Conclusion Preventable medication errors can be avoided by following the patient’s 7 rights of drug administration, and educating patients on the safety precautions that should be taken and making them fully aware of the dangers in not doing so. The communication and education of administering medications will help to lower healthcare costs and save the lives of many innocent victims due to medication errors. References: http://www. medscape. org/viewarticle/556487 http://www. caring. com/articles/medication-mistakes http://www. medscape. org/viewarticle/550273